SQL Programming
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language used for managing and manipulating relational databases. It provides a standardized way to interact with databases, allowing users to store, retrieve, update, and delete data.
- Introduction to SQL
- Overview of SQL and its importance in database management
- Different database management systems (DBMS) that support SQL
- Relational Databases
- Understanding the concept of a relational database
- Tables, rows, and columns
- Primary keys and foreign keys
- Relationships between tables (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many)
- SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)
- SELECT statement: Retrieving data from tables
- Filtering data using WHERE clause
- Sorting data using ORDER BY clause
- Joining tables using INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN
- Aggregating data with GROUP BY clause
- Filtering grouped data with HAVING clause
- Modifying data using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements
- SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)
- Creating databases and tables
- Modifying table structure using ALTER TABLE
- Adding, modifying, and deleting table constraints (primary key, foreign key, unique, etc.)
- Creating and managing views
- SQL Functions and Expressions
- Scalar functions: mathematical, string, date and time functions
- Aggregate functions: SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX
- Conditional expressions: CASE statement
- Working with NULL values
- SQL Subqueries
- Understanding subqueries and their types
- Subqueries in SELECT, FROM, WHERE, and HAVING clauses
- Correlated subqueries
- Subqueries with EXISTS and IN operators
- SQL Joins and Advanced Queries
- Self-joins
- Non-equi joins
- Subquery joins
- Unions and UNION ALL
- INTERSECT and EXCEPT
- SQL Indexes and Performance Optimization
- Indexes: types and their impact on query performance
- Query optimization techniques
- Analyzing query execution plans
- SQL Transactions and Concurrency Control
- Understanding transactions and their properties (ACID)
- Managing transactions using COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT
- Isolation levels and concurrency control
- SQL Views and Stored Procedures
- Creating and using views
- Stored procedures: creating, executing, and managing
- Parameters and variables in stored procedures
- SQL Security and User Management
- User accounts and privileges
- Granting and revoking privileges
- ParamManaging user access and roles